Phylogenetic information is especially lacking for deep sea and Arctic taxa, but even coastal species are not fully incorporated into phylogenetic studies. We queried publicly available geographic occurrence databases for the group, gaining a sense of geographic gaps and hotspots in our phylogenetic knowledge. About half of the thecostracan families for which phylogenetic information was available were polyphyletic. We found that the acorn and stalked barnacles, the Thoracica, and the parasitic Rhizocephala have the largest amount of published phylogenetic information. The tree had 442 bifurcating nodes, indicating that 79.3% of all nodes are still unresolved.
This first synthesis tree contains 2,070 barnacle species and subspecies, including 239 barnacle species with phylogenetic information and 198 undescribed or unidentified species.
Using this approach, we integrated phylogenetic hypotheses from 27 studies, which did not necessarily include the same taxa or used the same characters, with hierarchical taxonomic information for all recognized species. In the present study, we applied a new “synthesis” tree approach to estimate the first working Barnacle Tree of Life. Recent efforts have clarified phylogenetic relationships in many different parts of the barnacle tree, but the outcomes of these phylogenetic studies have not yet been combined into a single hypothesis for all barnacles. PeerJ 7: e7387 īarnacles and their allies (Thecostraca) are a biologically diverse, monophyletic crustacean group, which includes both intensely studied taxa, such as the acorn and stalked barnacles, as well as cryptic taxa, for example, Facetotecta. Towards a barnacle tree of life: integrating diverse phylogenetic efforts into a comprehensive hypothesis of thecostracan evolution. Cite this article Ewers-Saucedo C, Owen CL, Pérez-Losada M, Høeg JT, Glenner H, Chan BKK, Crandall KA. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 8 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan DOI 10.7717/peerj.7387 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Robert Toonen Subject Areas Biodiversity, Biogeography, Evolutionary Studies, Taxonomy, Zoology Keywords Barnacles, Thecostraca, Synthesis tree, Open tree of life, Phylogenetic studies, Taxonomy, Morphology Copyright © 2019 Ewers-Saucedo et al.
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